This device architecture accommodates a significant amount of imperfect crystalline structures, mainly grain boundaries and grain surfaces. To allow low-cost processing, CZTSSe, like many other emerging inorganic solar cells, often uses polycrystalline thin films as light absorbers and follows the heterojunction architecture 3. Although CZTSSe solar cells have reached the highest PCE (12.6% to 13.0%) among the thermodynamically stable emerging inorganic materials 8, 9, 10, their PCE is still far from a commercialization-viable level. Kesterite Cu 2ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) has emerged as one of the most compelling candidates due to its stable structure, abundancy, environmental benefits and its large potential for high power conversion efficiency (PCE) 6, 7. 2), which has stimulated the worldwide interest in new inorganic photovoltaic materials such as chalcogenides, oxides, pnictides and halides 3, 4, 5. Large-scale deployments of photovoltaic energy require stable, abundant and low-toxic materials similar to silicon (Si) (ref. Photovoltaics have been identified as the most attractive renewable energy that can be used to mitigate escalating global climate change 1. These findings and the framework can greatly advance the research of kesterite and other emerging photovoltaic materials. We identify that the effective minority carrier lifetime of CZTSe is dominated by a large grain boundary recombination velocity (~10 4 cm s −1), which is the major limiting factor of present device performance. The results indicate the CZTSe films have a relatively long intragrain electron lifetime of 10–30 ns and small recombination losses through bandgap and/or electrostatic potential fluctuations. Herein, we unveil these mechanisms in state-of-the-art Cu 2ZnSnSe 4 (CZTSe) solar cells using a framework that integrates multiple microscopic and macroscopic characterizations with three-dimensional device simulations. Despite the progress achieved for kesterite, a promising environmentally benign and earth-abundant thin-film photovoltaic material, the microscopic carrier loss mechanisms and their impact on device performance remain largely unknown. Understanding carrier loss mechanisms at microscopic regions is imperative for the development of high-performance polycrystalline inorganic thin-film solar cells. Nature Energy volume 7, pages 754–764 ( 2022) Cite this article Also, systems utilizing our high-performance modules enjoy reduced installation costs, making them some of the most affordable on the market.Unveiling microscopic carrier loss mechanisms in 12% efficient Cu 2ZnSnSe 4 solar cells Our advanced, automated manufacturing platform reduces our cost of production, generating savings we pass onto you. This allows you to be confident that our modules will perform as expected for the long term. Quality is a natural consequence of our material selection and advanced, automated manufacturing platform. Helios modules make it possible to design systems that satisfy a variety of needs-from residential, commercial, and governmental applications to any project with space or budget constraints. Helios strives to source from American suppliers whenever possible to ensure high performance, high quality, and on-time delivery. Helios modules are assembled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Helios offers a 25-year linear performance warranty as well as a 10-year workmanship warranty.Helios modules are tested to CEC, IEC, FSEC, TÜV and UL standards and have a Class C fire rating.Helios Solar Works modules integrate high-quality mono-crystalline cells, high-transmission glass, and anodized aluminum framing to produce high-efficient and reliable power.We manufacture our modules using materials sourced from regional and U.S. Helios Solar Works is headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We use only high-quality components and an advanced, automated manufacturing platform to offer modules that deliver higher efficiency, lower installation costs, and a smaller system footprint. Helios Solar Works manufactures high-performance mono-crystalline solar modules for solar electric systems.
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